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The science is study about living thing and non living Similar as in cultural studies, science studies are defined by the subject of their research and encompass a large range of different theoretical and methodological perspectives and practices. The interdisciplinary approach may include and borrow methods from the humanities, natural and formal sciences, from scientometrics till ethnomethodology or cognitive science. Science studies have a certain importance for evaluation and science policy. The field added technology in the last decade, and using science, technology and society, started to involve the interaction of expert and lay knowledge in the public realm.〔 == Scope == The field started with a tendency toward navel-gazing: it was extremely self-conscious in its genesis and applications.〔 Beyond a mere study of scientific discourse, it soon started to deal with all of its participants, relation of science expertise to politics and lay people.〔 Practical examples include bioethics, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), pollution, global warming,〔Martello M (2004) Global change science and the Arctic citizen.Sci Public Policy 31(2):107–115〕〔Jasanoff S (ed) (2004) States of knowledge: the co-production of science and social order. Routledge, Abingdon〕 biomedical sciences, physical sciences, natural hazard predictions, the (alleged) impact of the Chernobyl disaster in the UK, generation and review of science policy and risk governance and its historical and geographic contexts.〔 While staying a discipline with multiple metanarratives, the fundamental concern is about the role of the perceived ̳expert‘ in providing governments and local authorities with information from which they can make decisions.〔 The approach poses various important questions about what makes an expert and how experts and their authority is to be distinguished from the lay population and interacts with the values and policy making process in liberal democratic societies.〔 Practitioners examine the forces within and through which scientists investigate specific phenomena such as * technological milieus, epistemic instruments and laboratory life (compare Karin Knorr-Cetina, Bruno Latour, Hans-Jörg Rheinberger) * Science and technology (e.g. Wiebe Bijker, Trevor Pinch, Thomas P. Hughes) * Science, technology and society (e.g. Peter Weingart, Ulrike Felt, Helga Nowotny and Reiner Grundmann) * Language and rhetoric of science (e.g. Charles Bazerman, Alan G. Gross, Greg Myers) * aesthetics of science and visual culture in science (u.a. :de:Peter Geimer), the role of aesthetic criteria in scientific practice (compare mathematical beauty) and the relation between emotion, cognition and rationality in the development of science.〔International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume 16, Issue 1, 2002, Recent work on aesthetics of science DOI:10.1080/02698590120118783 James W. McAllister pages 7-11, 21 Jul 2010〕 * Semiotic studies of creative processes, as in the discovery, conceptualization, and realization of new ideas.〔Zeichen für Kunst: Zur Organisierbarkeit von Kreativität Detlev Nothnagel, ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ISBN 978-3-86057-887-2〕 or the interaction and management of different forms of knowledge in cooperative research.〔Organisierte Kreativität: Die vielen Gesichter der Innovation, Rene J.Jorna, in Zeichen für Kunst: Zur Organisierbarkeit von Kreativität Detlev Nothnagel, ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ISBN 978-3-86057-887-2〕 * Large scale research and research institutions, e.g. particle colliders (Sharon Traweek) * research ethics, science policy, and the role of the university.〔Mario Biagioli: ''The science studies reader''. Routledge, New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-91867-7〕〔Derek de Solla Price: ''Little Science, Big Science. Von der Studierstube zur Großforschung.'' Suhrkamp, 1982, ISBN 978-3518076484.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Science studies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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